| Abnormal heart rhythm | Abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) are sequences of heartbeats that are irregular, too fast, too slow, or conducted via an abnormal electrical pathway through the heart. |
| Action potential | An action potential (or nerve impulse) is a transient alteration of the transmembrane voltage (or membrane potential) across an excitable membrane generated by the activity of voltage-gated ion channels embedded in the membrane. |
| Adenosine receptors | The adenosine receptors (or P1 receptors) are a class of purinergic receptors, G-protein coupled receptors with adenosine as endogenous ligand.
Types include: A1, A2A, A2B, A3 |
| Adenosine diphosphate (adp) | Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. ADP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. |
| Adrenalin | Adrenalin is a hormone and neurotransmitter that participates in the "fight or flight" response of the sympathetic nervous system. It is a catecholamine, a sympathomimetic monoamine produced by the adrenal glands from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. |
| Adrenergic receptors | The adrenergic receptors (or adrenoceptors) are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are targets of the catecholamines, especially noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and adrenaline (epinephrine).
Types of Adrenergic receptors:
Alpha receptors: alpha-1, alpha-2
Beta receptors: beta-1, beta-2, beta-3 |
| Adrenergic receptors blockers | An Adrenergic antagonist is a pharmaceutical substance that acts to inhibit the action of the adrenergic receptors. It is thus a type of sympatholytic.
Types:
Alpha blockers, Beta blockers |
| Aerobic exercise | Aerobic exercise is exercise that involves or improves oxygen consumption by the body. Aerobic means "with oxygen", and refers to the use of oxygen in the body's metabolic or energy-generating process. Many types of exercise are aerobic, and by definition are performed at moderate levels of intensity for extended periods of time. |
| AHU systems | Air Handling unit, is a device used to condition and circulate air as part of a heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system. |
| Aldosterone | Aldosterone is a hormone that increases the reabsorption of sodium and water and the release (secretion) of potassium in the kidneys. This increases blood volume and therefore, increases blood pressure. Many drugs, such as spironolactone, lower blood pressure by blocking the aldosterone receptor. Aldosterone is part of the renin-angiotensin system. |
| Anesthetics | Agent causing Anesthesia |
| Anesthesia | Anesthesia has traditionally meant the condition of having sensation (including the feeling of pain) blocked or temporarily taken away. This allows patients to undergo surgery and other procedures without the distress and pain they would otherwise experience. Anesthesia is a pharmacologically induced reversible state of amnesia, analgesia, loss of consciousness, loss of skeletal muscle reflexes and decreased stress response. |
| Analgesics | An analgesic (also known as a painkiller) is any member of the diverse group of drugs used to relieve pain (achieve analgesia). Analgesic drugs act in various ways on the peripheral and central nervous systems; they include paracetamol (acetaminophen), the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as the salicylates, narcotic drugs such as morphine, synthetic drugs with narcotic properties such as tramadol, and various others. |
| Angina pectoris | Angina pectoris, commonly known as angina, is severe chest pain due to ischemia (a lack of blood and hence oxygen supply) of the heart muscle, generally due to obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries (the heart's blood vessels). Coronary artery disease, the main cause of angina, is due to atherosclerosis of the cardiac arteries. |
| Angiotensin | Angiotensin, a protein, causes blood vessels to constrict, and drives blood pressure up. It is part of the renin-angiotensin system, which is a major target for drugs that lower blood pressure. Angiotensin also stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone promotes sodium retention in the distal nephron, in the kidney, which also drives blood pressure up. |
| Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors | ACE inhibitors, or inhibitors of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme, are a group of pharmaceuticals that are used primarily in treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure, in some cases as the drugs of first choice. |
| Antacids | An antacid is any substance, generally a base or basic salt, which counteracts stomach acidity. In other words, antacids are stomach acid neutralizers. |
| Antagonist (receptor antagonist) | A receptor antagonist is a type of receptor ligand or drug that does not provoke a biological response itself upon binding to a receptor, but blocks or dampens agonist-mediated responses |
| Anthelminitics | Anthelmintics or antihelminthics are drugs that expel parasitic worms (helminths) from the body, by either stunning or killing them. They may also be called vermifuges (stunning) or vermicides (killing). |
| Antiallergic drugs | Prevent or relieve allergies |
| Antianginals | An antianginal is any drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris, a symptom of ischaemic heart disease.
Types:
Nitrates, Beta adrenergic receptor blockers and Calcium Channel blockers |
| Anti-arrhythmics | Antiarrhythmic agents are a group of pharmaceuticals that are used to suppress fast rhythms of the heart (cardiac arrhythmias), such as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation.
Types:
Class I: Sodium Channel blockers
Class II: Beta Adrenergic receptor blockers
Class III: Potassium Channel blockers
Class IV: Calcium Channel blocker
Class V: Adenosine and Digoxin |
| Antibacterial | A substance, such as penicillin or streptomycin, produced by or derived from certain fungi, bacteria, and other organisms, that can destroy or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. |
| Antibiotics | Antibiotics may be informally defined as the subgroup of anti-infectives that are derived from bacterial sources and are used to treat bacterial infections. |
| Anticancer medication | Anticancer/ Antineoplastics are drugs that inhibit and combat the development of neoplasms. |
| Anti-coagulants | An anticoagulant is a substance that prevents coagulation; that is, it stops blood from clotting. A group of pharmaceuticals called anticoagulants can be used in vivo as a medication for thrombotic disorders. |
| Antidiabetic | Anti-diabetic drugs treat diabetes mellitus by lowering glucose levels in the blood. With the exceptions of insulin, exenatide, and pramlintide, all are administered orally and are thus also called oral hypoglycemic agents or oral antihyperglycemic agents. |
| Antidiarrhoeal | An anti-diarrheal drug is any medication which provides symptomatic relief for diarrhea.
Types:
Electrolytes, Bulking Agents, Adsorbents, Opoids |
| Antifungals | An antifungal drug is a medication used to treat fungal infections such as athlete's foot, ringworm, candidiasis (thrush), serious systemic infections such as cryptococcal meningitis, and others.
Types:
Polyene, Imidazoles, Triazoles and Thiazoles |
| Antihypertensive | The antihypertensives are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure).
Types:
Diuretics, Aderenergic receptor antagonist, Adrenergic receptor agonist, Calcium channel blockers, ACE Inhibitors, Angiotensin II receptor antagonist, Aldosterone antagonist, Vasodilators, Centrally acting adrenergic drugs. |
| Antimalarial | Antimalarial drugs are designed to prevent or cure malaria. Some antimalarial agents, particularly chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, are also used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and lupus associated arthritis. There are many of these drugs currently on the market. Quinine is the oldest and most famous anti-malarial. |
| Antiplatelet agent | An antiplatelet drug is a member of a class of pharmaceuticals that decreases platelet aggregation[1] and inhibits thrombus formation. They are effective in the arterial circulation, where anticoagulants have little effect.
Types:
Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors, Adenosine Diphosphate receptor Inhibitors, Phosphodiesterase inhibitors, Glycoprotein IIB/ IIIA inhibitors, Adenosine reuptake inhibitors |
| Antipyretic | Antipyretics are drugs that reduce body temperature in situations such as fever. However, they will not affect the normal body temperature if one does not have a fever. Antipyretics cause the hypothalamus to override an interleukin-induced increase in temperature. The body will then work to lower the temperature and the result is a reduction in fever. |
| Anti-retroviral | Antiretroviral drugs are medications for the treatment of infection by retroviruses, primarily HIV.
Classes on antiretrovirals:
Nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nRTI)
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI)
Protease inhibitors (PIs).
Integrase inhibitors
Entry inhibitors
Maturation inhibitors
Broad spectrum inhibitors. |
| Antithrombotic agents | A antithrombotic is a drug which reduces thrombus formation. Thrombus: A thrombus, or blood clot, is the final product of the blood coagulation step in hemostasis. It is achieved via the aggregation of platelets that form a platelet plug, and the activation of the humoral coagulation system (i.e. clotting factors). A thrombus is normal in cases of injury, but pathologic in instances of thrombosis. |
| Anti tubercular agent | Any agent or group of drugs used to treat tuberculosis. At least two drugs, and usually three, are required in various combinations in pulmonary tuberculosis therapy. These include isoniazid, ethambutol hydrochloride, streptomycin sulfate, and rifampin. Supplements of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) also may be needed to relieve the symptoms of peripheral neuritis that can occur as a side effect of isoniazid. |
| Antitussives | A cough medicine is a medicinal drug used to treat coughing and related conditions. Dry coughs are treated with cough suppressants (antitussives) that suppress the body's urge to cough, while productive coughs (coughs that produce phlegm) are treated with expectorants that loosen mucus from the respiratory tract. |
| Antiviral drugs | Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used specifically for treating viral infections. Like antibiotics for bacteria, specific antivirals are used for specific viruses. Unlike antibiotics, antiviral drugs do not destroy their target pathogen but inhibit their development. |
| Anxiety | Anxiety is a psychological and physiological state characterized by cognitive, somatic, emotional, and behavioral components. These components combine to create an unpleasant feeling that is typically associated with uneasiness, fear, or worry. |
| Arteriosclerosis | Arteriosclerosis is a general term describing any hardening (and loss of elasticity) of medium or large arteries (from the Greek Arterio, meaning artery, and sclerosis, meaning hardening) |
| Atherosclerosis | Atherosclerosis (also known as Arteriosclerotic Vascular Disease or ASVD) is the condition in which an artery wall thickens as the result of a build-up of fatty materials such as cholesterol. It is a syndrome affecting arterial blood vessels, a chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries. |
| AV node | The atrioventricular node (abbreviated AV node) is a part of electrical control system of the heart that co-ordinates heart rate. The AV node is an area of specialized tissue between the atria and the ventricles of the heart, specifically in the posteroinferior region of the interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus, which conducts the normal electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles. |
| Benzothiadiazine | Benzothiadiazine is a bicyclic heterocyclic benzene derivative with the heterocycle containing two nitrogens and one sulfur. Benzothiadiazine derivatives include: bendroflumethiazide, chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, diazoxide |
| Blood clots | Blood clots are the clumps that occur when the blood hardens from a liquid to a solid (coagulates). A blood clot that forms inside a blood vessel or within the heart and remains there is called a thrombus. |
| Blood pressure | Blood pressure is a measurement of the force applied to the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps blood through the body. The pressure is determined by the force and amount of blood pumped, and the size and flexibility of the arteries. |
| Bradycardia | A slow heart rate, usually defined as less than 60 beats per minute. |
| Breathlessness/ Dyspnea | Breathlessness is a debilitating symptom that is the experience of unpleasant or uncomfortable respiratory sensations. It is a common symptom of numerous medical disorders, particularly those involving the cardiovascular and respiratory systems; dyspnea on exertion is the most common presenting complaint for people with respiratory impairment. |
| Calcium channel blockers | Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are a class of drugs that dilate the arteries, and are used for treating high blood pressure, abnormally rapid heart rhythms, pulmonary hypertension, Raynaud's syndrome, cardiomyopathy, and subarachnoid hemorrhage, and prevention of migraine headaches and angina. |
| Cardiac arrhythmias | Cardiac arrhythmia (also dysrhythmia) is a term for any of a large and heterogeneous group of conditions in which there is abnormal electrical activity in the heart. The heart beat may be too fast or too slow, and may be regular or irregular. |
| Cardiac output | The amount of blood that is pumped by the heart per unit time, measured in liters per minute (l/min). The amount of blood that is put out by the left ventricle of the heart in one contraction is called the stroke volume. The stroke volume multiplied by the heart rate is the cardiac output. |
| Cardiac remodeling | Ventricular remodeling (or cardiac remodelling) refers to the changes in size, shape, and function of the heart after injury to the ventricles. The injury is typically due to acute myocardial infarction (usually transmural or ST segment elevation infarction), but may be from a number of causes that result in increased pressure or volume overload (forms of strain) on the heart. |
| Cardiomyopathy | Cardiomyopathy, which literally means ""heart muscle disease,"" is the deterioration of the function of the myocardium (i.e., the actual heart muscle) for any reason. People with cardiomyopathy are often at risk of arrhythmia or sudden cardiac death or both. Cardiomyopathies can generally be categorized into two groups, based on World Health Organization guidelines: extrinsic cardiomyopathies and intrinsic cardiomyopathies. |
| Cerebrovascular disease | Cerebrovascular disease is a group of brain dysfunctions related to disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain. Hypertension is the most important cause; it damages the blood vessel lining, endothelium, exposing the underlying collagen where platelets aggregate to initiate a repairing process which is not always complete and perfect. Sustained hypertension permanently changes the architecture of the blood vessels making them narrow, stiff, deformed, uneven and more vulnerable to fluctuations in blood pressure. |
| Cholesterol | Cholesterol is a lipidic, waxy steroid found in the cell membranes and transported in the blood plasma of all animals. It is an essential component of mammalian cell membranes where it is required to establish proper membrane permeability and fluidity. In addition, cholesterol is an important precursor molecule for the biosynthesis of bile acids, steroid hormones, and several fat soluble vitamins. |
| Chronic kidney disease | Chronic kidney disease (CKD), also known as chronic renal disease, is a progressive loss of renal function over a period of months or years. The symptoms of worsening kidney function are unspecific, and might include feeling generally unwell and experiencing a reduced appetite. |
| Clogged arteries (Arterial Plaque) | Clogged arteries result from a build-up of a substance called plaque on the inner walls of the arteries. Arterial plaque can reduce blood flow or, in some instances, block it altogether. |
| Clot-dissolving medications (thrombolytic medication) | A drug that is able to dissolve a clot (thrombus) and reopen an artery or vein. Thrombolytic agents may be used to treat a heart attack, stroke, deep vein thrombosis (clot in a deep leg vein), pulmonary embolism, and occlusion of a peripheral artery or indwelling catheter. |
| Clotting factors | These are a series of plasma proteins which are related through a complex cascade of enzyme-catalyzed reactions involving the sequential cleavage of large protein molecules to produce peptides, each of which converts an inactive zymogen precursor (factor II) into an active enzyme leading to the formation of a fibrin clot. They are designated by Roman numerals, and an additional 'a' to indicate the activated state.
They are: factor I (fibrinogen), factor II (prothrombin), factor III (tissue thromboplastin), factor IV (calcium), factor V (proaccelerin), factor VI (no longer considered active in hemostasis), factor VII (proconvertin), factor VIII (antihemophilic factor), factor IX (plasma thromboplastin component; Christmas factor), factor X (stuart factor), factor XI (plasma thromboplastin antecedent), factor XII (hageman factor), factor XIII (fibrin stabilizing factor). |
| Conduction velocity | Conduction Velocity is the speed with which an electrical impulse can be transmitted through excitable tissue, as in the movement of an action potential through His-Purkinje fibers of the heart. |
| Congenital heart disease | Congenital heart disease, also called congenital heart defect, includes a variety of malformations of the heart or its major blood vessels that are present at birth. |
| Congestive cardiac failure | Heart failure is a condition in which the heart has lost the ability to pump enough blood to the body's tissues. With too little blood being delivered, the organs and other tissues do not receive enough oxygen and nutrients to function properly. |
| Connective tissue diseases | A connective tissue disease is any disease that has the connective tissues of the body as a target of pathology. Connective tissue is any type of biological tissue with an extensive extracellular matrix that supports, binds together, and protects organs. |
| Contractility | Contractility is often defined as the intrinsic ability of a cardiac muscle fibre to contract at a given fibre length. |
| Coronary angiography | A coronary catheterization is a minimally invasive procedure to access the coronary circulation and blood filled chambers of the heart using a catheter. It is performed for both diagnostic and interventional (treatment) purposes. |
| Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) | Coronary artery bypass graft surgery is a surgical procedure in which one or more blocked coronary arteries are bypassed by a blood vessel graft to restore normal blood flow to the heart. These grafts usually come from the patient's own arteries and veins located in the leg, arm, or chest. |
| Coronary heart disease (heart attacks) | Coronary artery disease is a disease of the artery caused by the accumulation of atheromatous plaques within the walls of the arteries that supply the myocardium. Angina pectoris (chest pain) and myocardial infarction (heart attack) are symptoms of and conditions caused by coronary heart disease. |
| Coronary insufficiency | A decrease in flow of blood through the coronary blood vessels. |
| Coronary spasm/spasm of coronary artery | A spasm (a sudden constriction) of one of the coronary arteries depriving the (myocardium (the heart muscle) of blood and oxygen. This can cause chest pain referred to as variant (or Prinzmetal's) angina. Coronary artery spasm can be triggered by emotional stress, medicines, street drugs (such as cocaine) or exposure to cold. |
| Coronary vasodilators | Vasodilators act directly on the smooth muscle of arteries to relax their walls so blood can move more easily through them; they are only used in hypertensive emergencies or when other drugs have failed, and even so are rarely given alone. |
| Cough | A cough, in medicine, is a sudden and often repetitively occurring defense reflex which helps to clear the large breathing passages from excess secretions, irritants, foreign particles and microbes. The cough reflex consists of three phases: an inhalation, a forced exhalation against a closed glottis, and a violent release of air from the lungs following opening of the glottis, usually accompanied by a distinctive sound. |
| Cyclooxygenase enzyme | Cyclooxygenase (COX) is an enzyme that is responsible for formation of important biological mediators called prostanoids, including prostaglandins, prostacyclin and thromboxane. At present, three COX isoenzymes are known: COX-1, COX-2, and COX-3. |
| Debris | Debris is a word used to describe the remains of something that has been otherwise destroyed. Debris is pronounced with a silent s and a long e. The singular form of debris is debris. |
| Diabetes | Diabetes is a condition in which the body does not produce enough, or properly respond to, insulin, a hormone produced in the pancreas. Insulin enables cells to absorb glucose in order to turn it into energy.
Major types: Type I, Type II, Type III, Gestational diabetes, others include: congenital diabetes, cystic fibrosis-related diabetes, steroid diabetes |
| Diastolic heart failure/ Diastolic dysfunction | Diastolic dysfunction refers to an abnormality in the heart's (i.e., left ventricle's) filling during diastole. Diastole is that phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart (i.e. ventricle) is not contracting but is actually relaxed and filling with blood that is being returned to it, either from the body (into right ventricle) or from the lungs (into left ventricle). |
| Direct compression granules | Granules ready for compression |
| Distal convoluted tubules | The distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is a portion of kidney nephron between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct system. |
| Diuretic | A diuretic is any drug that elevates the rate of urination and thus provides a means of forced diuresis.
Types: High ceiling loop diuretics, Thiazides, Potassium-sparing diuretics, Calcium-sparing diuretics, Osmotic diuretics, Low ceiling diuretics |
| Dromotropy | Dormotropy means affecting conductivity of a nerve fiber; it may be positive or negative. |
| Dry powder for injection | Dry Powder for Injection is a parentral dosage form containing sterile dry powder of the drug to be diluted with WFI and Used as an injectable. |
| Dysrhythmia | Cardiac arrhythmia (also dysrhythmia) is a term for any of a large and heterogeneous group of conditions in which there is abnormal electrical activity in the heart. The heart beat may be too fast or too slow, and may be regular or irregular. |
| Effervescent granules | Effervescent granules are made by mixing citric and tartaric acids with the medicament, and the sodium bicarbonate with the sugar when present. The formulation releases carbondioxide on mixing with Water. |
| Electrolyte | An electrolyte is any substance containing free ions that behaves as an electrically conductive medium. |
| Erectile dysfunction | Erectile dysfunction (ED or "male impotence") is a sexual dysfunction characterized by the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance. |
| Fibrillations | Fibrillation is the rapid, irregular, and unsynchronized contraction of muscle fibers. |
| Fibrinolytic or thrombolytic agents | Fibrinolytics or Thrombolytic drugs are used in medicine to dissolve blood clots in a procedure termed thrombolysis. They limit the damage caused by the blockage of the blood vessel. |
| Fluid retention | Fluid / Water retention is, an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the circulatory system or within the tissues or cavities of the body. Edema, an abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath the skin, or in one or more cavities of the body. Premenstrual water retention, a common phenomenon associated with the menstrual cycle |
| Heart valve disease | Heart Valve disease or Valvular heart Disease is any disease process involving one or more of the valves of the heart (the aortic and mitral valves on the left and the pulmonary and tricuspid valves on the right). Valve problems may be congenital (inborn) or acquired (due to another cause later in life). Treatment may be with medication but often (depending on the severity) involves valve repair or replacement (insertion of an artificial heart valve). |
| HVAC system | HVAC may also stand for High-voltage alternating current. HVAC system is an acronym that stands for the closely related functions of "Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning"- the technology of indoor environmental comfort. |
| Hyperacidity | Hyperacidity, also known as acid dyspepsia or Amalpitta is the condition of excreting more than the normal amount of hydrochloric acid in the stomach |
| Hypertension | Hypertension is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure is elevated.
Types:
Essential/ Idiopathic (primary) Hypertension: Essential or primary hypertension means that no medical cause can be found to explain the raised blood pressure.
Nonessential (secondary) Hypertension: Secondary hypertension indicates that the high blood pressure is a result of (i.e., secondary to) another condition, such as kidney disease or tumours (adrenal adenoma or pheochromocytoma) |
| Hypertonicity | A hypertonic solution contains a greater concentration of impermeable solutes than the solution on the other side of the membrane |
| Infiltrations | Infiltration is the diffusion or accumulation (in a tissue or cells) of substances not normal to it or in amounts in excess of the normal. The material collected in those tissues or cells is also called infiltrate. |
| Intravenous or subcutaneous | Injection administered directly into the venous circulation via a syringe or intravenous catheter (tube). |
| Ischemic heart | Disease characterized by reduced blood supply to the heart muscle |
| Lipid | Lipids are a broad group of naturally-occurring molecules which includes fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others. The main biological functions of lipids include energy storage, as structural components of cell membranes, and as important signaling molecules. |
| Liquid sterile injection | A needle and syringe are used to introduce a suitable liquid preparation of a drug(s) directly into the body tissues or veins. |
| Loop diuretics | They are primarily used in medicine to treat hypertension and edema often due to congestive heart failure or renal insufficiency. |
| Low levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL, "good cholesterol") | Type of lipoprotein which enable lipids like cholesterol and triglycerides cholesterol from the tissues of the body to the liver so it can be gotten rid of in the bile. |
| Low-density lipoprotein (bad cholesterol) | Type of lipoprotein that transports cholesterol and triglycerides from the liver to peripheral tissues |
| Lipid lowering agent | Lipid lowering agents are a diverse group of agents used to treat hyperlipidemias |
| Lyophilization | Lyophilization is defined as a stabilizing process in which the substance is first frozen and then the qualtity of solvent is reduced first by sublimation (primary drying) and then by desorption (secondary drying) to values that will no longer support biological growth or chemical reactions. |
| Muscle relaxants | A muscle relaxant is a drug which affects skeletal muscle function and decreases the muscle tone. It may be used to alleviate symptoms such as muscle spasms, pain, and hyperreflexia. The term "muscle relaxant" is used to refer to two major therapeutic groups: neuromuscular blockers and spasmolytics. |
| Myocardial infarction | Myocardial infarction (MI) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack, is the interruption of blood supply to part of the heart, causing some heart cells to die. This is most commonly due to occlusion (blockage) of a coronary artery following the rupture of a vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque, which is an unstable collection of lipids (like cholesterol) and white blood cells (especially macrophages) in the wall of an artery. The resulting ischemia (restriction in blood supply) and oxygen shortage, if left untreated for a sufficient period of time, can cause damage or death (infarction) of heart muscle tissue (myocardium). |
| Nitroglycerin | Nitroglycerin (NG), (United States spelling) also known as nitroglycerine, (UK Spelling), trinitroglycerin, trinitroglycerine, 1,2,3-trinitroxypropane and glyceryl trinitrate, is a heavy, colorless, oily, explosive liquid obtained by nitrating glycerol and is used medically as a vasodilator to treat heart conditions, such as angina and chronic heart failure |
| Nitro-vasodilators | Nitrovasodilators are the agents causing vasodilation by the donation of nitric oxide |
| NSAID | NSAID-Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs are drugs with analgesic, antipyretic (lowering an elevated body temperature and relieving pain without impairing consciousness) and, in higher doses, with anti-inflammatory effects (reducing inflammation). The term "non-steroidal" is used to distinguish these drugs from steroids, which (among a broad range of other effects) have a similar eicosanoid-depressing, anti-inflammatory action. As analgesics, NSAIDs are unusual in that they are non-narcotic. |
| Obesity | Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy |
| Oncology | Oncology is a branch of medicine which deals with the study of Cancer |
| Orthopnea | Orthopnea or orthopnoea (Greek from ortho, straight + pnoia, breath) is shortness of breath (or dyspnea) which occurs when lying flat, causing the person to have to sleep propped up in bed or sitting in a chair. It is the opposite of platypnea. |
| Palpitations | unpleasant sensations of irregular and/or forceful beating of the heart |
| Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) | PTCA or Angioplasty is the technique of mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel; typically as a result of atherosclerosis. Tightly folded balloons are passed into the narrowed locations and then inflated to a fixed size using water pressures some 75 to 500 times normal blood pressure (6 to 20 atmospheres). |
| Platelets | Platelets, or thrombocytes, are small, irregularly-shaped anuclear cells (i.e. cells that do not have a nucleus containing DNA), 2-3 µm in diameter[1], which are derived from fragmentation of precursor megakaryocytes. |
| Potassium channel blockers | Potassium channel blocking agents are the one which interfer with the conduction through potassium channel |
| Refractory period | The amount of time it takes for an excitable membrane to be ready for a second stimulus once it returns to its resting state following excitation in the areas of biology, physiology, and cardiology. |
| Rheumatic heart disease | Rheumatic heart disease is a complication of rheumatic fever and usually occurs after attacks of rheumatic fever. The incidence of rheumatic heart disease has been greatly reduced by widespread use of antibiotics effective against the streptococcal bacterium that causes rheumatic fever. |
| Sedentary lifestyle | Sedentary lifestyle is a medical term used to denote a type of lifestyle with a lack of physical exercise. |
| Small volume parenterals | Small Volume Parentrals are sterile, pyrogen-free injectiable products thet are packaged in volumes upto 100ml. |
| Sodium channel blockers | Sodium channel blockers are agents that impair conduction of sodium ions (Na+) through sodium channels |
| Stroke | A stroke, or cerebrovascular accident (CVA), occurs when blood supply to part of the brain is disrupted, causing brain cells to die. When blood flow to the brain is impaired, oxygen and glucose cannot be delivered to the brain. Blood flow can be compromised by a variety of mechanisms. |
| Sympathetic nervous system | A part of the nervous system that serves to accelerate the heart rate, constrict blood vessels, and raise blood pressure |
| Tachycardia | Tachycardia typically refers to a heart rate that exceeds the normal range for a resting heartrate (heartrate in an inactive or sleeping individual). |
| Thiazides | Thiazides are a class of Diuretics. The members of this class of diuretics are derived from benzothiadiazine. They work by inhibiting reabsorption of sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) ions from the distal convoluted tubules in the kidneys by blocking the thiazide-sensitive Na+-Cl- symporter. |
| Thienopyridines | Thienopyridines are a class of ADP receptor/P2Y12 inhibitors used for their anti-platelet activity. |
| Thromboxane a-2 | Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) is a thromboxane. It is generated from prostaglandin H2 by thromboxane-A synthase. It is also a major component of blood clots. Aspirin irreversibly inhibits platelet cyclooxygenase 1 preventing the formation of prostaglandin H2, and therefore thromboxane A2. |
| Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) or TNK | Tissue plasminogen activator (abbreviated tPA or PLAT) is a protein involved in the breakdown of blood clots. Specifically, it is a serine protease found on endothelial cells, the cells that line the blood vessels. As an enzyme, it catalyzes the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, the major enzyme responsible for clot breakdown. |
| Triglycerides | The major form of fat. A triglyceride consists of three molecules of fatty acid combined with a molecule of the alcohol glycerol. Triglycerides serve as the backbone of many types of lipids (fats). Triglycerides come from the food we eat as well as from being produced by the body. |
| Ulcers | An area of tissue erosion, for example, of the skin or lining of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Due to the erosion, an ulcer is concave. It is always depressed below the level of the surrounding tissue. |
| Vasoconstriction | Narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contracting of the muscular wall of the vessels. The opposite of vasodilation. |
| Vasodilation | Vasodilation refers to the widening of blood vessels resulting from relaxation of smooth muscle cells within the vessel walls, particularly in the large arteries, smaller arterioles and large veins. The process is essentially the opposite of vasoconstriction, or the narrowing of blood vessels. |
| Vasopressor | Substances causing vasoconstriction are called vasoconstrictors or vasopressors |
| Viral myocarditis (an infection of the heart muscle) | Viral myocarditis is an infection of the heart, with an inflammatory infiltrate, and damage to the heart muscle, without the blockage of coronary arteries that define a heart attack (myocardial infarction) or other common non-infectious causes. Myocarditis may or may not include death (necrosis) of heart tissue. It may include dilated cardiomyopathy. |
| Refernces | www.medterms.com
www.medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com
www.nlm.nih.gov
www.MedicineNet.com
www.wikipedia.org
www.webmd.com |
